Woodland owners

Woodpecker Damage On Ash Trees May Indicate Emerald Ash Borer

Posted on by akabelowsky

By Bill McNee; DNR Forest Health specialist, Oshkosh;
Bill.McNee@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0942

Photo showing woodpecker damage on an ash tree trunk, an early sign the tree might be infested with emerald ash borer.

Woodpecker damage is an early sign an ash tree might be infested with emerald ash borer. / Photo Credit: Wisconsin DNR

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) encourages property owners to watch for woodpecker damage to their ash trees this winter. If damage is found, property owners should make plans to take action in the spring.

Woodpecker damage, often called “flecking,” happens when birds peck away some of a tree’s bark to access the larvae underneath. Flecking is a common early sign that an ash tree might be infested with emerald ash borer (EAB), an invasive insect. EAB is the most damaging threat to Wisconsin trees, killing more than 99% of the untreated ash trees it infests.

Continue reading “Woodpecker Damage On Ash Trees May Indicate Emerald Ash Borer” →

Forest Health Forecast For 2024

Posted on by akabelowsky

Paul Cigan, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Hayward;
Paul.Cigan@wisconsin.gov or 715-416-4920

An aerial photo of oak and aspen forests showing heavy defoliation from spongy moth.

Oak and aspen forests with heavy defoliation from spongy moth. Additional defoliation coupled with ongoing drought in the upcoming 2024 growing season is expected to put significant stress on affected forests. / Photo Credit: Paul Cigan, Wisconsin DNR

Maintaining a healthy and productive forest often requires — more than ever before — a working knowledge of how to anticipate, prevent and mitigate environmental stressors that threaten to undermine it. The list of stressors includes drought, impact of forest insects and diseases.

In a recent and timely article, Denise Thornton of My Wisconsin Woods taps the expansive knowledge of the DNR’s Forest Health team and a state climatologist to bring focus to the threats facing forests this year.

She also lists steps that can be taken to ensure health and proactivity are maintained in your forests.

Bronze Birch Borer Attacks Stressed Birch

Posted on by akabelowsky

By Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff;
Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665

Photo of a white birch tree with its top half dying from bronze birch borer attack.

Bronze birch borer has attacked these trees, and parts of the tree above the attack site are thin and declining. / Photo Credit: Linda Williams, Wisconsin DNR

Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) is a native beetle that attacks birch trees. As adults emerge from the bark, they create small, D-shaped exit holes, similar to emerald ash borer but smaller.

Bronze birch borer attacks stressed trees, and the source of the stress can be anything from drought, flooding, defoliation or old age.

Continue reading “Bronze Birch Borer Attacks Stressed Birch” →

Don’t Let Japanese Barberry ‘Tick’ You Off

Posted on by akabelowsky

By Erika Segerson-Mueller, DNR Invasive Plant Program Specialist, Oshkosh Service Center;
erika.segersonmueller@wisconsin.gov or 715-492-0391

Photo showing Japanese barberry quickly growing into a dense infestations in a forest.

Japanese barberry can quickly grow into dense infestations in forests, outcompeting native plants and providing ideal hiding places for white-footed mice that serve as hosts for blacklegged ticks. / Photo Credit: Wisconsin DNR

Most small talk in Wisconsin revolves around three things: the weather, the Green Bay Packers … and in the summer months, how darn bad the ticks are.

If you spend time working or playing outside, you likely know firsthand that ticks in Wisconsin are serious business. Because most of us prefer to minimize our interactions with the tiny arachnids, here’s another tick prevention tactic to add to your arsenal — along with clothing treated with permethrin, long socks and frequent tick checks: Rid your property of Japanese barberry.

Continue reading “Don’t Let Japanese Barberry ‘Tick’ You Off” →

Winter Work: Invasive Honeysuckle Treatment

Posted on by akabelowsky
Cross-section photo of the brown and hollow pith of the invasive honeysuckle plant.

The pith of invasive honeysuckle, seen here, is brown and hollow. / Photo Credit: Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org

By Erika Segerson-Mueller, DNR Invasive Plant Program Specialist, Oshkosh;
Erika.SegersonMueller@wisconsin.gov or 715-492-0391

They may have sweet-sounding names, but Eurasian bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) can bring a bitter taste to your mouth if found in your woodlands.

Originating as horticultural plantings, this group of upright woody shrubs is now widespread in Wisconsin and the upper Midwest.

Invasive honeysuckle shrubs are among the earliest plants to leaf out in the spring and the last to lose their leaves in the fall. This extended growing season allows them to outcompete other plants for nutrients and sunlight, casting dense shade on the forest floor.

Native honeysuckles are also present in Wisconsin. Several identifying characteristics can help you determine if your honeysuckle is a native species or one of the invasive varieties. When in bloom, the flowers of invasive Bell’s, Morrow’s and Tartarian honeysuckles are easily distinguished. Without the blooms, the easiest methods to determine non-native honeysuckle from the native plant include looking for shaggy, peeling gray-brown bark and checking the pith.

The pith (inner tissue of the branches and stems) can be observed by breaking off an older branch. If the pith appears white, the shrub is native honeysuckle. If the pith is brown and hollow, it is likely one of the invasive bush versions.

Winter is a great time to treat invasive honeysuckle shrubs on your property since most other plants have gone dormant for the season. Winter herbicide applications are highly successful on freshly cut stumps, provided snow does not cover the cut surface. Basal bark applications may also be used on snow-free surfaces.

Stump cutting should be followed by herbicide treatments, as vigorous resprouting may occur from shrubs cut in winter but not treated with herbicide. Learn more about invasive honeysuckles and how to manage them on the Bush honeysuckles fact sheet from Renz Weed Science at the University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Please Report Beech Scale Outside Of Door County

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Map showing locations of known moderate or high beech scale populations as of November 2023, in red.

Locations of known moderate or high beech scale populations as of November 2023 are shown in red. High populations are known to be widespread in Door County. / Map Credit: Bill McNee, Wisconsin DNR

By Bill McNee, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Oshkosh;
bill.mcnee@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0942

Earlier this year, we reported that high populations of the non-native insect beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) were identified for the first time in Marinette and Sheboygan counties. Since then, several more sites with moderate or high scale populations have been identified (see map).

Continue reading “Please Report Beech Scale Outside Of Door County” →

Make Your 2024 Spongy Moth Treatment Plans Early

Posted on by akabelowsky
Photo of a finger pointing to a tan-colored spongy moth egg mass on a tree.

A finger points to a tan-colored spongy moth egg mass on a tree. / Photo Credit: Bill McNee, Wisconsin DNR

By Bill McNee, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Oshkosh;
Bill.McNee@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0942

If the 2024 spring and summer weather conditions are favorable for the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) population, the current outbreak will continue and spread to other parts of Wisconsin. Property owners are encouraged to examine susceptible host trees (including oak, birch, crabapple, aspen and willow) and make plans to manage them.

In summer 2023, Wisconsin saw a record amount of defoliation. State agencies received many calls from property owners urgently seeking a tree care business to control a large caterpillar infestation.

Continue reading “Make Your 2024 Spongy Moth Treatment Plans Early” →

Harvest Timing Affected By Spongy Moth

Posted on by akabelowsky
Photo showing numerous spongy moth egg masses on an oak tree in Walworth County, Wisconsin

Numerous spongy moth egg masses on an oak tree in Walworth County. / Photo Credit: Bill McNee, Wisconsin DNR

By Bill McNee, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Oshkosh;
Bill.McNee@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0942

Forest managers planning silvicultural treatments in stands susceptible to spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) – such as those containing many host species, including oak, birch, aspen and basswood – are encouraged to conduct annual egg mass surveys before treatment.

Surveys make it possible to predict if heavy defoliation is likely. If more than 30 egg masses are found in a sample area – a circle with a 37-foot diameter – then heavy defoliation is expected in the spring, and management activities should be altered or delayed until an outbreak has ended. Continue reading “Harvest Timing Affected By Spongy Moth” →

Another Ash Pest Found In Northern Wisconsin

Posted on by akabelowsky
Close-up photo of an adult cottony ash psyllid.

A close-up photo of an adult cottony ash psyllid feeding on an ash leaf. / Photo Credit: Steve Garske, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission

By Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff
Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665

As if black ash trees don’t have enough problems with emerald ash borer (EAB), another ash pest recently was found at several locations in northern Wisconsin.

In June, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) staff noticed black ash with leaf curling and puckering, early leaf drop and dieback at one of their Climate Change Program’s long-term phenology study sites.

After working with DNR Forest Health staff to narrow down the possibilities, insect samples were collected and sent to P.J. Liesch, director of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Insect Diagnostic Laboratory, for official identification. He identified them as cottony ash psyllid.

Continue reading “Another Ash Pest Found In Northern Wisconsin” →

Fall: Time To Treat Invasive Plants

Posted on by akabelowsky

By Erika Segerson-Mueller, DNR Invasive Plant Program Specialist, Oshkosh Service Center;
Erika.Segersonmueller@wisconsin.gov or 715-492-0391

As we move into cooler temperatures, many plants and trees are changing in leaf color and even beginning to drop their leaves. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) reminds the public that fall is not only a great time to enjoy the changing hues in the woods, but it also presents a good opportunity to spot the invasive plants persisting among them.

As you walk through your woods this month, look for leaves that stay green into late fall, even after all other trees have lost their leaves. These are likely signs of an invasive plant species.
Invasive plants can hold onto their leaves much longer than native plants, taking advantage of late fall sunshine and ensuring they continue to grow and gain ground in the forest after many other plants have already died out or gone dormant for the winter.

Late autumn and even early winter are great times to identify and treat invasive plants. They are easy to see in a sea of downed leaves and dead plants. The absence of living native plants means that treating invasives with chemical herbicides will cause much less collateral damage.

Fall treatment is ideal for woody invasives, as trees and shrubs are busy directing resources to their roots to store them for overwintering, so the natural flow carries the herbicide along to the roots. Spring treatments are often ineffective because the opposite is true: plants are continually pushing resources up and out toward new buds.

When a control method like cut-and-swipe (a common treatment for buckthorn that involves snipping off stems and using a dabber to apply herbicide directly to the cut) is used in spring, it is often ineffective as the herbicide is immediately pushed out of the plant. In fall and winter, the flow of resources changes, making treatment much more effective.

Common invasive plants that can be treated in fall include garlic mustard, non-native honeysuckles and common and glossy buckthorns. Here are some basic identification characteristics and methods of treatment:

Garlic Mustard

Photo of rosettes on a garlic mustard plant. / Photo Credit: Wisconsin DNR

Rosettes on a garlic mustard plant. / Photo Credit: Wisconsin DNR

Though not a woody plant, the basal rosettes (a cluster of leaves at ground level) remain green through the fall and winter and are easy to spot. Garlic mustard looks somewhat like wild ginger or violets due to its kidney-bean shaped leaves. To check, crush a leaf – the leaves of garlic mustard should have a garlic smell when crushed.

If only a few plants are present, they can be hand-pulled and should be destroyed by burning or sending them to a landfill in bags clearly labeled as “Invasive Plants – Approved by Wisconsin DNR for Landfill.” For larger infestations, plants may be cut or torched, or herbicide may be used as recommended in the Control Method section of the Garlic Mustard Fact Sheet.

Non-Native Honeysuckles

Photo of an invasive honeysuckle plant.

Photo of a honeysuckle plant. / Photo Credit: Wisconsin DNR

Non-native honeysuckles can hold their leaves well into winter. They often have a thick canopy of leaves that shades out native plants. While other plants are bare and the honeysuckle still has that thick canopy, it’s a great time to attack and treat it.

There are several types of invasive honeysuckles in Wisconsin. Learn more about each variety as well as control methods on the Management of Bush Honeysuckles fact sheet from the University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Common And Glossy Buckthorn

Photo of a glossy buckthorn shrub covered in berries

A glossy buckthorn shrub covered in berries. Control berry-producing plants first to prevent further spreading. / Photo Credit: Wisconsin DNR.

A common sight in Wisconsin forests, common and glossy buckthorn is also best treated in late fall and early winter. Buckthorn is a multi-stemmed large shrub or small tree that can form an impenetrable understory layer, displacing native vegetation.

Small buckthorn seedlings can be removed by hand. Larger plants should be cut or girdled at the base. Buckthorn can easily re-sprout from cut stumps, so herbicide treatments are often best. Find more information on control methods on the Buckthorns Management Fact sheet.

After treating any invasive plants in the fall, make sure to follow up in spring to check for new growth and seedlings. Controlling invasive plant species almost always requires multiple treatments and monitoring over several seasons.