Month: July 2021

Preliminary Seedling Availability: Spring 2022

Posted on by Kirsten Held

Proper tree planting requires a lot of decision-making. One of those decisions is which species and age are the most appropriate and cost-effective to plant. The Wisconsin Reforestation Program would like to take some of the unknowns out of that process by giving landowners and property managers an early peek at what we anticipate having available in fall 2021 for planting in spring 2022.

This list is preliminary, as some species may be added or subtracted depending on health, growth and other factors as the growing season progresses. Tree and shrub seedlings will be available to purchase on the first Monday of October (Oct. 4, 2021). Even with the expected high demand, we anticipate having various species and ages available to all customers.

The quantity designations are relative to a particular species based on historical sales and projected demand. For example, typically white pine 3-0 sales are about 250,000 seedlings. In 2022, the available quantity, due to several factors, including increased demand in 2021 for 2-year-old seedlings and a lower than anticipated seed germination in 2020, is approximately 75% of the anticipated need. Hence the quantity will be referred to as “limited.” In contrast, our balsam fir had an above-average germination, are growing great and the inventory is above the projected sales, hence an “adequate” quantity designation.

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Emerald Ash Borer Identified In Iron County For The First Time

Posted on by patricialindquist

By Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665. 

Emerald ash borer (EAB) has been detected for the first time in Iron County, in the Town of Oma. Many of the black ash at this site are already dead, with other trees still declining. EAB was first identified in Wisconsin in 2008 and has now been found in 60 of Wisconsin’s 72 counties.

Did you know that it takes fewer EAB larvae to attack and kill a black ash compared to a green ash or white ash? This means that black ash will have fewer galleries under the bark and consequently less woodpecker flecking than you would typically see with green ash or white ash. 

EAB was federally deregulated as of Jan. 14, 2021 and Wisconsin instituted a state-wide quarantine in 2018, so there are no regulatory changes due to this find. Emerald ash borer silviculture guidelines were created to help landowners make decisions about management in their woods. All forest sites are a bit different and it can be overwhelming to try to decide what management, if any, should be done in your stand and these guidelines are designed to help answer those questions.

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Be On The Lookout For Forest Tent Caterpillar

Posted on by patricialindquist

By Paul Cigan, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Hayward, Paul.Cigan@wisconsin.gov or 715-416-4920; and Bill McNee, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Oshkosh, Bill.McNee@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0942

Forest tent caterpillar (FTC) may be making its way back onto the radar of northern Wisconsin property owners in the coming years, as some confirmed reports of defoliation in northern counties have trickled in. A native defoliator with a preference for aspen, oak and birch, this species undergoes periodic population outbreaks every six to 16 years. Widespread outbreaks can last for several years, causing heavy defoliation, reduced growth and temporary stress on affected trees. The last widespread outbreak ended in 2002.

Many forest tent caterpillars gathered together on a tree.

Forest tent caterpillar larvae displaying gregarious behavior on tree stem. Photo credit: Dane Gravesen

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Spruce Budworm, Balsam Fir Sawfly, And Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly

Posted on by patricialindquist

Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665. 

The spruce budworm outbreak continues this year, but the amount of visible defoliation is generally lower than last year. Some areas of the Northwoods have severe defoliation this year, but in many other areas, the amount of new, green foliage far exceeds the amount of defoliation.

In areas where the defoliation appears less severe, you can still find plenty of caterpillars, but the new foliage is less eaten than anticipated. The late spring frost/freeze may have killed some caterpillars, or the long cool spring may have delayed bud-break enough that the caterpillars did most of their feeding on older foliage before the new foliage expanded. 

The spruce budworm outbreak in Wisconsin started in 2012, and outbreaks typically last about 10 years.  Mortality of balsam fir trees started to show up last year following several years of significant defoliation. Even with new growth on the trees this year, they may continue to decline, and mortality could still occur. 

Spruce branches showing defoliation, older needles and new, bright green needles.

Defoliation is still present, but there is lots of new growth on balsam fir this year in many areas of northern Wisconsin.

Continue reading “Spruce Budworm, Balsam Fir Sawfly, And Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly” →

Aphids, Scales And Spittlebugs, Oh My!

Posted on by patricialindquist

Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665. 

This seems to be a good year for aphids, scales, spittlebugs and other insects that suck the sap of trees. 

Large conifer aphids have been observed on white pine, jack pine and balsam fir. These large, dark colored aphids insert their mouthparts into the twig and suck the sap. They are often guarded fiercely by ants because aphids excrete a waste product called honeydew that ants collect as food. Sooty mold can grow on honeydew so when it covers the twigs and needles of the trees it makes them look darker than normal. Sooty mold is a problem because it limits the ability of those needles to photosynthesize, which can put the tree under stress if it occurs over multiple years. 

If you have just a few colonies of these aphids, there is no control necessary as tree health shouldn’t be affected. If more than 30% of the branches have ant colonies present, or you’re noticing a buildup of sooty mold, you can spray the aphids with a pesticide or a soapy water mixture. Natural enemies, including ladybugs and lacewings, can be very effective at reducing aphid populations. But if ants are guarding the aphids, it can be difficult for natural enemies to work effectively, so controlling the ants may be necessary.

Aphids on balsam fir. There are several ants in this photo that are tending the aphids.

Aphids on balsam fir. There are several ants in this photo that are tending the aphids.

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What is growing on that oak tree?

Posted on by patricialindquist

By Todd Lanigan, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Eau Claire, todd.lanigan@wisconsin.gov or 715-210-0150

This time of year, you may be noticing some large growths on oak leaves. You are either seeing oak apple gall and/or wool sower gall. These galls are formed by a small, stingless wasp, known as a Cynipid Wasp. 

For the oak apple gall, when the female lays her egg, she injects a growth regulator that causes the leaf tissue to form around the egg. When the larvae begin to feed for the wool sower gall, this causes the gall to form. The galls in both cases protect the developing wasps from the elements and predators. 

Oak apple galls are round and initially are green in color. Eventually, the gall turns brown as the wasp larva matures inside.

Oak apple gall growing on the underside of a leaf.

An oak apple gall

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Oak Shot Hole Leafminer And Spiny Oak Sawfly

Posted on by patricialindquist

By Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or  920-360-0665. 

Two very different insects are creating holes in oak leaves this spring, the oak shothole leafminer and the spiny oak sawfly. 

Oak shothole leafminer

In 2019 and 2020, many eastern U.S. states noted damage from this insect. While this is mostly a cosmetic issue for the tree, it can cause concern for homeowners and landowners when it appears that their trees are defoliated. The good news is that this damage rarely has an impact on the health of larger trees. 

Small holes in the leaf, often with similar holes on the both sides of the main vein, indicate damage from oak shothole leafminer adults.

Small holes in the leaf, often with similar holes on the both sides of the main vein, indicate damage from oak shothole leafminer adults.

Continue reading “Oak Shot Hole Leafminer And Spiny Oak Sawfly” →

Oaks Hit Hard By Frost/Freeze Prior To Memorial Day

Posted on by patricialindquist

Written by: Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665. 

A frost/freeze on the night of May 28 strongly impacted our oaks in areas of central and northern Wisconsin. Some leaves were completely killed while others had portions of the leaf that were impacted. Those leaves with some dead spots have continued to expand and grow but the dead parts of the leaf are causing them to curl and pucker. 

Oak leaves killed by the frost are brown, curled and puckered.

Oak leaves killed by the frost.

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Balsam Fir Needle Rust

Posted on by patricialindquist

By Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665. 

Balsam fir needle rust is infecting current year needles on balsam fir trees in north-central Wisconsin. Balsam fir needle rust has white pustules that emerge from the lower surface of infected needles. Infected needles will turn yellow and the combination of white pustules and yellow needles gives the trees a pale, ghostly appearance from a distance.

Bright yellow needles are infected with balsam fir needle rust.

Bright yellow needles are infected with balsam fir needle rust.

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Pine Bark Adelgid Causes Needle Stunting

Posted on by patricialindquist

Linda Williams, DNR Forest Health Specialist, Woodruff, Linda.Williams@wisconsin.gov or 920-360-0665. 

Pine bark adelgids are tiny insects that suck the sap of white pines. Once they insert their mouthparts into the tree, they won’t move any more during their lifetime, so for protection, they grow a white, woolly covering around themselves. A young, white pine plantation in Vilas County is suffering severely stunted needles from the 2020 growing season due to very high populations of pine bark adelgid. 

All branch tips on this white pine sapling have needles that were stunted by heavy populations of pine bark adelgid.

All branch tips on this white pine sapling have needles that were stunted by heavy populations of pine bark adelgid.

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